Determinants of Stunting Among Children Under Two Years of Age in Batu Bara District, Indonesia
Keywords:
Stunting, Laut Tador Health Center work area, Batu Bara district, North Sumatra, Children Under Two Years of Age, IndonesiaAbstract
Batubara District is one of 33 districts/cities in North Sumatra Province with relatively high stunting prevalence. This study aimed to determine the determinants of stunting among children under two years of age in the Laut Tador Health Center work area of Batu Bara District in 2023. The design of this study was case-control. The number of samples was 154 (case), and control was 154 (non-stunting). Respondents were mothers of children under two years of age. Independent variables were chosen based on the preliminary study results in the study area, including the mother's education, mother's knowledge, family income, history of mother on ANC visits, history of mother taking iron tablets, history of child getting exclusive breastfeeding, and history of child getting complementary feeding. Trained health workers and members of the researcher team collected all data. Analysis data included univariate, bivariate analysis using chi-square and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis. The study showed that there were significant differences between family income (p < 0.001), history of mother on ANC visits (p < 0,001), history of a mother taking iron tablets (p=0.043), history of children under two years getting exclusive breastfeeding (p < 0.001), and history of children under two years of getting complementary feeding (p < 0.001) and stunting, respectively. The role of health posts (Posyandu) and village cadres should be improved to provide information about antenatal care, taking iron tablets during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding, and complementary feeding to pregnant women, including monitoring children's growth.
References
World Health Organization. Global nutrition targets 2025: stunting policy brief. World Health Organization; 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.3
World Health Organization. The burden of malnutrition at a glance. World Health Organization; 2018 https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/africa/
World Health Organization. What is childhood stunting?. World Health Organization; 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/stunting-definition
MHRI-Riskesdas (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia). Basic Health Research Year 2018. Jakarta: Balitbangkes; 2018.
MHRI (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia). Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey) 2021. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2021.
MHRI (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia). Regulation of Minister of Health Republic of Indonesia Number 13 Year 2022 on Amendments to Health Minister Regulation Number 21 of 2020 Concerning the Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Health for 2020-2024 (in Indonesia). Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2022a.
MHRI (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia). Survei Status Gizi Indonesia (Indonesian Nutrition Status Survey) 2022. Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2022b.
MHRI (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia). Prevent stunting with ABCDE Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2023. https://ayosehat.kemkes.go.id/cegah-stunting-dengan-abcde
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). Indonesia Complment Feeding. United Nations Children's Fund; 2019. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/2706/file/Framework-of-Action-Complementary-Feeding-2019.pdf
UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). Stop Stunting Regional Conference 2014. United Nations Children's Fund; 2014. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/stop-stunting-regional-conference-2014.
BP-SSGBI [Badan Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics). Survei Status Gizi Balita Indonesia (Indonesian Toddler Nutrition Status Survey). Badan Pusat Statistik; 2019.
Zhang N, Bécares L, Chandola T. Patterns and determinants of double-burden of malnutrition among rural children: evidence from China. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:1--20, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158119.
Randani, AI, Yayuk Farida Baliwati*, Dadang Sukandar, Ikeu Tanziha. Economic and Consumption Variables and Their Associations with stunting prevalence: A provincial analysis of the Indonesian Child Nutritional Status Survey 2019 J. Gizi Pangan, March 2022, 17(1):57-66
Fenta HM, Workie DL, Zike DT, Taye BW, Swain PK. Determinants of stunting among under-five years children in Ethiopia from the 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey: Application of ordinal logistic regression model using complex sampling designs. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health, 2020; 8(2):404−413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2019.09.011
Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld LM. A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Vol. 14, Maternal and Child Nutrition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617 PMID: 29770565
Semba RD, de Pee S, Sun K, Sari M, Akhter N, Bloem MW. Effect of parental formal education on risk of child stunting in Indonesia and Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. 2008 Jan 26; 371(9609):322–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736 (08)60169-5 PMID: 18294999
Bardosono S, Sastroamidjojo S, Lukito W. Determinants of child malnutrition during the 1999 economic crisis in selected poor areas of Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007; 16(3):512–26. PMID: 17704034
Fernald LCH, Kariger P, Hidrobo M, Gertler PJ. Socioeconomic gradients in child development in very young children: Evidence from India, Indonesia, Peru, and Senegal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012 Oct 16; 109(Supplement_2)
Mani S. Socioeconomic determinants of child health: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. Asian Economic Journal. 2014 Mar; 28(1):81–104.
Mulyaningsih T, Mohanty I, Widyaningsih V, Gebremedhin TA, Miranti R, Wiyono VH. Beyond personal factors: Multilevel determinants of childhood stunting in Indonesia PLOS ONE. 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260265
Torlesse H, Cronin AA, Sebayang SK, Nandy R. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016 Jul 29; 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3339-8, PMID: 27472935
Al-Ateeq MA, Al-Rusaiess AA. Health education during antenatal care: The need for more. Int J Womens Health. 2015;7:239–42.; Abeway S, Gebremichael B, Murugan R, Assefa M, Adinew YM. Stunting and its determinants among children aged 6-59 Months in Northern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. J Nutr Metab. 2018;2018.
Rahayu HK, Kandarina BJI, Wahab A. Antenatal care visit frequency of short stature mother as risk factor of stunting among children aged 6 - 23 months in Indonesia (IFLS 5 Study Analysis) Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2019;7(3),107-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2019.7(3).107-113.
Sari K and Sartika RAD. The Impact of iron supplementation during pregnancy and change of consumption among stunting children aged 6-24 months during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Int J Prev Med. 2023; 14 (18): 1 – 7.
Wandra, T. (2020). Emerging zoonoses in Indonesia: implication for the future. Universa Medicina, 39(3), 151–152. https://doi.org/10.18051/UnivMed.2020.v39.151-152
Batu Bara District Government, 2022. Regulation on Convergence Priority Villages for Integrated Stunting Reduction in Batu Bara district, North Sumatra (in Indonesia).
Beal T, Tumilowicz A, Sutrisna A, Izwardy D, Neufeld LM. A review of child stunting determinants in Indonesia. Vol. 14, Maternal and Child Nutrition. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12617 PMID: 29770565
Dewey KG, Begum K. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Matern Child Nutr. 2011; 7:5–18
Soliman A, Sanctis VD, Alaaraj A, Ahmed S, Alyafei F, Hamed N, Soliman N. Early and Long-term consequences of nutritional stunting: From childhood to adulthood. Acta Biomed 2021; 92, N. 1: e2021168 https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92i1.11346
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Authors who publish with Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License.
Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License
You are free to:
- Share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt, remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
